For stones in the end of the ureter closer to the kidney, approximately 48 percent of these stones pass without any medical treatment. The best home remedy to encourage the stone to pass is to drink lots of fluids, especially plain water and citrus juices such as orange or grapefruit.
The extra fluid causes you to urinate more, which helps the stone move and keeps it from growing. You should aim for at least 2 to 3 quarts of water per day. Smaller stones are more likely to pass on their own, so you should take steps to keep the stone from growing. However, you need all of these for your body to function properly, so talk with your doctor about an appropriate diet to help you pass the stone.
Passing a kidney stone can be very painful. A heating pad can also help. If you have a fever, significant nausea, or are unable to keep down liquids without vomiting, you should seek medical care. Likewise, if you have only one kidney or known kidney problems or damage, see a doctor immediately. An infected kidney stone is a surgical emergency. If you notice any signs of infection, go to the hospital.
In some cases, you might need medication or a nonsurgical procedure to help the stone pass. Common medications and treatments are:. Dehydration is also common with kidney stones and can require intravenous fluids. You should see your doctor immediately if you start vomiting or have other signs of severe dehydration. If you think you might have a kidney stone, you should see your doctor as soon as possible. In some circumstances, your doctor might recommend immediate surgical removal without a waiting period.
This will usually be because the stone is too big to pass naturally larger than 6 mm or is blocking urine flow. If the stone is blocking the flow of urine, it can lead to an infection or renal damage. In other circumstances, your doctor might recommend waiting to see if you can pass the stone on your own.
You should check in with your doctor often during this time to see if anything is changing, especially if you have new symptoms. Infection, fever, kidney damage, intractable hard to control pain, or intractable vomiting are all indications for immediate surgery.
Kidney stones can be very painful, but they often resolve without medical treatment. If you think you have a kidney stone, see your doctor as soon as possible to help you decide the best course of action. You may be eating foods that are known to raise the risk of stones. You may also be eating too few foods that protect against stones or not drinking enough fluids. Understanding your medical, family and dietary history helps your health care provider find out how likely you are to form more stones.
After taking a complete history and doing a physical exam, your health care provider may take blood and urine samples for testing. Blood tests can help find if a medical problem is causing your stones. Your urine can be tested to see if you have a urinary tract infection or crystals that are typical of different stone types. If you are at high risk for getting stones in the future, a hour urine collection can be done. This test will reveal the levels of different stone-forming substances in your urine.
The results of this test can help your health care provider recommend make specific diet and medications to prevent future stones. When a health care provider sees you for the first time and you have had stones before, he or she may want to see recent X-rays or order a new X-ray. They will do this to see if there are any stones in your urinary tract. Imaging tests may be repeated over time to check for stone growth. You may also need this test if you are having pain, hematuria blood in your urine or recurrent infections.
If you pass a stone or a stone is removed by surgery, your health care provider will want to test it. Testing the stone will determine what type of stone it is.
This information helps your health care provider decide the best way to prevent future stones. Once your health care provider finds out why you are forming stones, he or she will give you tips on how to prevent them. This may include changing your diet and taking certain medications.
There is no "one-size-fits-all" diet for preventing kidney stones. Everyone is different. Your diet may not be causing your stones to form.
But there are dietary changes that you can make to stop stones from continuing to form. If you are not producing enough urine, your health care provider will recommend you drink at least 3 liters of liquid each day. This equals about 3 quarts about ten ounce glasses. This is a great way to lower your risk of forming new stones.
Remember to drink more to replace fluids lost when you sweat from exercise or in hot weather. All fluids count toward your fluid intake. But it's best to drink mostly no-calorie or low-calorie drinks. This may mean limiting sugar-sweetened or alcoholic drinks. Knowing how much you drink during the day can help you understand how much you need to drink to produce 2. Use a household measuring cup to measure how much liquid you drink for a day or two. Drink from bottles or cans with the fluid ounces listed on the label.
Keep a log, and add up the ounces at the end of the day or hour period. Use this total to be sure you are reaching your daily target urine amount of at least 85 ounces 2. Health care providers recommend people who form cystine stones drink more liquid than other stone formers.
Usually 4 liters of liquid is advised to reduce cystine levels in your urine. This tip is for people with high sodium intake and high urine calcium or cystine. Sodium can cause both urine calcium and cystine to be too high. Your health care provider may advise you to avoid foods that have a lot of salt. The following foods are high in salt and should be eaten in moderation:. If you take calcium supplements, make sure you aren't getting too much calcium.
On the other hand make sure you aren't getting too little calcium either. Talk with your health care provider or dietitian about whether you need supplements. Good sources of calcium to choose from often are those low in salt. Eating calcium-rich foods or beverages with meals every day is a good habit. There are many non-dairy sources of calcium, such as calcium-fortified non-dairy milks. There are good choices, especially if you avoid dairy.
You can usually get enough calcium from your diet without supplements if you eat three-to-four servings of calcium-rich food. Many foods and beverages have calcium in them. Some foods and beverages that might be easy to include on a daily basis with meals are:.
Eating at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily is recommended for all people who form kidney stones. Eating fruits and vegetables give you potassium, fiber, magnesium, antioxidants, phytate and citrate, all of which may help keep stones from forming. A serving means one piece of fruit or one potato or one cup of raw vegetables. If you are worried you may not be eating the right amount of fruits and vegetables, talk to your health care provider about what will be best for you.
This recommendation is for patients with high urine oxalate. Eating calcium-rich foods see table above with meals can often control the oxalate level in your urine. Urinary oxalate is controlled because eating calcium lowers the oxalate level in your body. But if doing that does not control your urine oxalate, you may be asked to eat less of certain high-oxalate foods.
Nearly all plant foods have oxalate, but a few foods contain a lot of it. These include spinach, rhubarb and almonds. It is usually not necessary to completely stop eating foods that contain oxalate. This needs to be determined individually and depends on why your oxalate levels are high in the first place.
If you make cystine or calcium oxalate stones and your urine uric acid is high, your health care provider may tell you to eat less animal protein. If your health care provider thinks your diet is increasing your risk for stones, he or she will tell you to eat less meat, fish, seafood, poultry, pork, lamb, mutton and game meat than you eat now.
This might mean eating these foods once or twice rather than two or three times a day, fewer times during the week, or eating smaller portions when you do eat them. The amount to limit depends on how much you eat now and how much your diet is affecting your uric acid levels.
Changing your diet and increasing fluids may not be enough to prevent stones from forming. Your health care provider may give you medications to take to help with this. The type of stone and the urine abnormalities you have will help your health care provider decide if you need medicine and which medicine is best. Common medications include:.
Thiazides lower urine calcium by helping the kidney take calcium out of the urine and put it back in the blood stream. When taking thiazides, you need to limit how much salt you take in, as these medications work best when urine sodium is low. Potassium citrate makes the urine less acidic or more alkaline basic. This helps prevent cystine and uric acid stones.
It also raises the citrate level in the urine, helping to prevent calcium stones. Allopurinol not only lowers the level of uric acid in the blood but also in the urine, so it may also be prescribed to help prevent calcium and uric acid stones.
These stones form because of repeated urinary tract infections UTI. AHA makes the urine unfavorable for struvite stones to form. The best way to prevent stuvite stones is to prevent repeated UTIs caused by specific types of bacteria and to completely remove the stones with surgery.
These medications d-penicillamine or tiopronin bind to cystine in the urine and form a compound that is less likely than cystine to crystallize in the urine. This drug is used when other measures fail, such as raising fluid intake, reducing salt intake or using potassium citrate. Your health care provider and a dietitian may be good sources of information about over-the-counter nutritional supplements.
Like the horns of a stag deer , these stones get their name from the shape they take as they grow to fill the inside of the kidney. Staghorn stones often form because of repeated urinary tract infections UTIs with certain kinds of bacteria. Even though they can grow to a large size, you may have no idea you have them because they cause little or no pain. A staghorn stone can lead to poor kidney function, even without blocking the passage of urine. Kidney stones are more common in people who have a family member with kidney stones.
Some conditions that cause stones may be inherited. But sometimes kidney stones form in relatives because of similar diet and lifestyle. Yes, but rarely. Kidney stones can cause damage if they cause repeated or serious infection or cause kidney blockage for a long time.
Some stones, if left untreated, can cause the kidney to stop working. During treatment, your health care provider may ask you to do another hour urine collection and have your blood work checked to see if your urine test results have improved.
Your health care provider will also check to see if you are having any side effects from your medications. If you form stones often, you will need monitoring with X-rays and urine studies to be sure no new stones are forming. Your health care provider will monitor you to make sure your medications and diet changes are working.
Diet changes recommended for heart conditions also often help prevent stones. A healthy diet with lots of fresh fruits and vegetables and less animal protein and salt can help avoid stones and other conditions. You can learn more from your health care provider or dietician. Keeping a normal weight can also help avoid diabetes and stones.
If a stone in the ureter does not pass in a reasonable time or is causing pain or infection, you will need surgery to remove it. You may get another stone even if you've had surgery, changed your diet or are taking medications. However, with the right dietary and medical treatment, you can be less likely to get stones over and over again.
During the procedure, the surgeon removes or breaks up the stone, using tiny instruments inserted through the urethra. The surgeon may then place a stent inside the urethra to hold it open. This allows any small stone fragments to pass more easily. During percutaneous nephrolithotomy, the surgeon removes very large stones measuring 10 mm or more. It involves removing the stone directly from the kidney through a small incision in the back.
The procedure requires general anesthetic and a 1—2 day hospital stay. The amount of time it takes to recover from a kidney stone depends on how it passes. If the stone passes naturally or with minimal drug intervention, the pain should subside very quickly. If a person undergoes lithotripsy, which is an outpatient procedure, they should be able to go home the same day.
Recovery time is usually minimal and partly depends on the type of anesthetic a practitioner uses. If surgery is required, a person will typically be able to return to most normal activities within a day of the procedure. However, people who receive a stent should avoid high intensity activities until a health professional removes it. This usually occurs about a week after surgery. A person should see a doctor if their stones become particularly painful or if they experience other worrying symptoms.
There are several potential treatment options for kidney stones. Drug therapies focus on both alleviating pain and discomfort and allowing the stone to pass more easily.
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